Visualizing total order relation of nodes in a structured document

ABSTRACT

A method, system, and a computer readable storage medium for visualizing total order relation of nodes included in structured document. The method includes acquiring log information, where the log information is created by storing information on transitions between nodes in a structured document in chronological order. The method also includes specifying a relation of relative positions of the nodes in the transitions based on acquired log information. The method further includes determining a total order relation of the nodes in the structured document by performing a topological sorting that uses specified relation as a constraint, where the total order relation of the nodes is determined by using content data of the node if the node is added to or removed from the structured document.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 from JapanesePatent Application No. 2010-264010 filed Nov. 26, 2010, the entirecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention is related to a software analysis system. Moreparticularly, the present invention is related to a method, a system,and a computer readable storage medium for determining and visualizing atotal order relation of nodes in a structured document.

2. Description of Related Art

In recent years, needs for analyzing user operation behavior have beenincreasing in order to allow users, including visually impaired users,to enjoy net surfing and the like. In cases of a structured documentsuch as a web page, correct estimation, based on log information on userinformation, requires an order relation between the nodes included inthe structured document.

The log information includes information including the history ofmovements between the nodes in the web page recorded by use of anexpanded browser function. The log information also includes:information about operations of a user; and information on a relation ofrelative positions of a node corresponding to the current position of auser-operated cursor and a node corresponding to a cursor's nextposition, where both nodes are in the structured document.

For example, a document of a web page is structured with structure tagsassigned in the HTML source. Specifically, the document is structured ina manner that each of various components of the web page, includingtexts and images, are assigned with structure tags, such as “heading,”“paragraph,” and “part desired to be emphasized.”

In estimating of an order relation between nodes in a structureddocument, it is possible to specify a partial order relation betweennodes, i.e., a relation of relative positions of a node corresponding tothe current position of a user-operated cursor and a node correspondingto a cursor's next position. The partial order relation estimation,however, is difficult to discretely determine a total order relation,which includes the partial order relation between the nodes even whenthe target structured document is assumed to have a “correct totalorder.”

For example, if a structured document has a tree structure, it isdifficult to determine a total order relation without including anyinconsistency between an actual order relation between nodes and a orderrelation of the nodes estimated based on log information. When nodes areadded or deleted dynamically, the estimation of the order relationbetween the nodes becomes difficult.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention provides a method ofvisualizing total order relation of nodes in a structured document,method including the steps of: acquiring log information, where the loginformation is created by storing information on transitions betweennodes in a structured document in chronological order; specifying arelation of relative positions of the nodes in the transitions based onacquired log information; and determining a total order relation of thenodes in the structured document by performing a topological sortingthat uses specified relation as a constraint, where the total orderrelation of the nodes is determined by using content data of said nodeif the node is added to or removed from the structured document; andwhere at least one of the steps is carried out using a computer device.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a system fordetermining a total order relation of nodes in a structured document,the system including: a log information acquiring module for acquiringlog information, where the log information is created by storinginformation on transitions between nodes in a structured document inchronological order; a positional-relation specifying module forspecifying a relation of relative positions of the nodes in thetransitions based on acquired log information; and atotal-order-relation determining module for determining a total orderrelation of the nodes in the structured document by performing atopological sorting that uses specified relation as a constraint, wherethe total order relation of the nodes is determined by using contentdata of said node if the node is added to or removed from the structureddocument.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a computer readablestorage medium tangibly embodying a computer readable program codehaving computer readable instructions which when implemented, cause acomputer to carry out the steps of a method including: acquiring loginformation, where the log information is created by storing informationon transitions between nodes in a structured document in chronologicalorder; specifying a relation of relative positions of the nodes in thetransitions based on acquired log information; and determining a totalorder relation of the nodes in the structured document by performing atopological sorting that uses specified relation as a constraint, wherethe total order relation of the nodes is determined by using contentdata of said node if the node is added to or removed from the structureddocument.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a schematic configuration of aninformation processor according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a functional block diagram of the informationprocessor according to the embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3A shows an example of specifying a relation of relative positionsby the information processor when transitions are made from one node toanother according to the embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3B shows an example of specifying a relation of relative positionsby the information processor when a new node is added to a positionbetween a node and an old node according to the embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 4 shows an example of determining a total order relation by theinformation processor according to the embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 5 shows an example of graphically presenting a determined totalorder relation by the information processor according to the embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of a procedure of processing performed by a CPUof the information processor according to the embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 7 shows an example of path information of nodes when a structureddocument has a tree structure.

FIG. 8A shows an example of a correct order of an initial state whenonly text data of a node is changed and no loop state occurs.

FIG. 8B shows an example of generated order relations that correspond tothe partial order constraints when only text data of a node is changedand when no loop state occurs.

FIG. 9A shows an example of a correct order of an initial state whenonly path information of a node is changed and no loop state occurs.

FIG. 9B shows an example of order relations, where path information ofnodes changes and where no loop state occurs.

FIG. 9C shows an example of order relations generated by solving thepartial order constraints where only path information of a node ischanged and no loop state occurs.

FIG. 10A shows an example a correct order of an initial state when aloop state occurs.

FIG. 10B shows an example of order relations, where path information ofnodes changes and where a loop state occurs.

FIG. 10C shows an example of order relations, when partial constraint isdeleted and where loop state is canceled.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The above and other features of the present invention will become moredistinct by a detailed description of embodiments shown in combinationwith attached drawings. Identical reference numbers represent the sameor similar parts in the attached drawings of the invention.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the presentinvention may be embodied as a system, method or computer programproduct. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the formof an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment(including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or anembodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may allgenerally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.”Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of acomputer program product embodied in one or more computer readablemedium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.

Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may beutilized. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, butnot limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic,infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitablecombination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustivelist) of the computer readable storage medium would include thefollowing: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portablecomputer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), aread-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROMor Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-onlymemory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device,or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of thisdocument, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible mediumthat can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with aninstruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of thepresent invention may be written in any combination of one or moreprogramming languages, including an object oriented programming languagesuch as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional proceduralprogramming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similarprogramming languages. The program code may execute entirely on theuser's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alonesoftware package, partly on the user's computer.

Aspects of the present invention are described below with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer program instructions. These computer program instructions maybe provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, specialpurpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus toproduce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via theprocessor of the computer or other programmable data processingapparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified inthe flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computerreadable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable dataprocessing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particularmanner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readablemedium produce an article of manufacture including instructions whichimplement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer,other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to causea series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, otherprogrammable apparatus or other devices to produce a computerimplemented process such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer or other programmable apparatus provide processes forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams can represent a module, segment, or portionof code, which includes one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be notedthat, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in theblock can occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, twoblocks shown in succession can, in fact, be executed substantiallyconcurrently, or the blocks can sometimes be executed in the reverseorder, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be notedthat each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, andcombinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchartillustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-basedsystems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations ofspecial purpose hardware and computer instructions.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Asused herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “includes”and/or “including,” when used in this specification, specify thepresence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements,and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of oneor more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements,components, and/or groups thereof.

The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of allmeans or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended toinclude any structure, material, or act for performing the function incombination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. Thedescription of the present invention has been presented for purposes ofillustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive orlimited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications andvariations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artwithout departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Theembodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the invention and the practical application, and to enableothers of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention forvarious embodiments with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated.

According to the embodiment of the present invention, a total orderrelation of nodes in a structured document can be determined based onlog information on user operations. Even when the structure of thestructured document is changed dynamically, it is possible to discretelyestimate a relation of absolute positions of the nodes by checkingwhether or not data for contents of the nodes are consistent with eachother, and to thereby display user operation behavior.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram schematically showing a configuration of aninformation processor according to an embodiment of the presentinvention. An information processor 1 according to the embodiment of thepresent invention includes at least a central processing unit (CPU) 11,a memory 12, a storage 13, an I/O interface 14, a video interface 15, aportable disk drive 16, a communication interface 17, and an internalbus 18 connecting the above-described hardware units with each other.

The CPU 11 is connected to the above-described hardware units of theinformation processor 1 via the internal bus 18, and is configured tocontrol operations of the above-described hardware units whileperforming various software functions in accordance with a computerprogram 100 stored in the storage 13. A volatile memory such as an SRAM,an SDRAM or the like, is used as the memory 12, and a load module isloaded into the memory 12 in executing the computer program 100. Thememory 12 is configured to store temporary data and the like generatedin executing the compute program 100.

A built-in stationary storage (hard disk), a ROM or the like is used asthe storage 13. The computer program 100 stored in the storage 13 isdownloaded from a portable recording medium 90, such as a DVD, a CD-ROMor the like, in which a program, data and the like are recorded, by theportable disk drive 16, and is loaded from the storage 13 into thememory 12 to be executed. Naturally, a computer program downloaded froman external computer connected to the hardware units via thecommunication interface 17 can be used, instead.

The communication interface 17 is connected to the internal bus 18, andis capable of exchanging data with an external computer and the like bybeing connected to an external network such as the Internet, a LAN, aWAN or the like.

The I/O interface 14 is connected to a keyboard 21 and a mouse 22, andis configured to receive data inputs. The video interface 15 isconnected to a display 23, and is configured to display desired images.A log of operations by a user performed on an image displayed on thedisplay 23 is stored as log information.

FIG. 2 illustrates a functional block diagram of the informationprocessor 1 according to the embodiment of the present invention. InFIG. 2, a log information acquiring unit 201 of the informationprocessor 1 acquires log information created by storing informationpieces on transitions between nodes in a structured document inchronological order.

The log information is stored as a set of entries of the structureddocument. The format of the log information can be expressed as anexample in Expression 1.entry::=(time,op,nodeID,text)  Expression 1

In Expression 1, “time” represents a relative time point at which anoperation is performed in relation to a time point at which the userstarted to browse a page targeted for log information; “op” representsthe type of operation performed by the user; and “nodeID” represents anode ID which identifies a node reached by the operation in “op.”Accordingly, a “nodeID” of a previous node before movement by theoperation in “op” can easily be identified based on the type ofoperation in “op.” In other words, the “nodeID” of the previous node canbe obtained by performing a back-calculation based on the amount ofmovement between the nodes which can be specified based on the operationtype.

The structured document can be expressed as a sequence of nodes. Eachnode includes data for a content of the node. For example, the data caninclude text data which can be read aloud in synthetic voice or thelike. The data for the content of the node are not limited to anyparticular data as long as they can identify the content, including astext data, image data and/or the like. Types of nodes include: a textnode which itself is text data; a heading node showing a header, footeror the like; a link node showing a link destination; a form control nodeshowing a text box, a button or the like; and the like. Even a non-textnode such as an image node can have text data if the creator of thecontent gives alternative text data to the node.

Types of operations performed by the user include any operations. Forexample, the operations include: move to page top; move to page end;move to next node; move to previous node; move 10 nodes ahead; move 10nodes back; move to next link; move to previous link; move to nextheading node; move to previous heading node; and move in web page, e.g.jump using an in-page link. For an operation for simple move betweennodes, the amount of movement between the nodes can easily be specifiedbased on the type of the corresponding operation.

For the node ID, one can use a node address, a node path, data forcontent of the node or a combination of these. Naturally, when nodes areadded or deleted dynamically, node IDs also change dynamically.

In the embodiment of the present invention, the term “text” representstext data of the node as data for the content of the node. In addition,the log information includes the text data of each node, and nodes thatare identical to each other are searched out by using key informationpieces, where each of key information pieces are created by combining anode ID and corresponding text data. In this way, a total order relationof nodes, which cannot be determined solely from a relation of relativepositions of the nodes, can be judged by combining the node ID andcorresponding text data, in order to decide whether or not the nodes areidentical to each other based on each created combinations. For example,nodes that are not identical but have the same node ID can bedistinguished from each other based on the difference of text data.

A positional-relation specifying unit 202 specifies a relation ofrelative positions of nodes in a transition, based on the acquired loginformation. Since the log information includes a type of operationperformed by the user and a node ID identifying the reached node, it ispossible to specify the relation of relative positions of the nodes fromthe amount of movement between the nodes, where the amount of movementis obtained from the type of operation.

FIGS. 3A and 3B show examples of specifying relations of relativepositions by the information processor 1 according to the embodiment ofthe present invention. As shown in FIG. 3A, transitions are made fromNode A to Node B(1) and Node B(2), and from Node B(2) to two nodes, NodeC(1) and Node C(2).

For example, assume that the transition from Node B(2) to Node C(1) isbased on an operation “move to next node,” and the transition from NodeB(2) to Node C(2) is based on an operation “move 10 nodes ahead.” Inthis case, two relations of relative positions are specified, i.e.B(2)<C(1) and B(2)<C(2).

As shown in FIG. 3B, if new Node B(2) is added to a position betweenNode B(1) and old Node B(2), old Node B(2) is changed to new Node B(3).If a transition is made from new Node B(2) to Node C(1) based on anoperation “move to next node,” and a transition is made from new NodeB(2) to Node C(2) based on an operation “move 10 nodes ahead,” after theaddition, for example, two relations of relative positions arespecified, i.e. B(2)<C(1) and B(2)<C(2). However, a total order relationof the nodes cannot be determined since it is impossible to tell whetherNode B(2) is old Node B(2) or new Node B(2), which is newly added.

To address this situation, a total-order-relation determining unit 203determines a total order relation of the nodes included in thestructured document by performing topological sorting using thespecified relations of relative positions of the nodes as constraints.When a node included in the structured document is added or deleted, thetotal-order-relation determining unit 203 determines a total orderrelation of the nodes based on the text data associated respectivelywith the node IDs.

FIG. 4 shows an example of determining a total order relation by theinformation processor 1 according to the embodiment of the presentinvention. When new Node B(2) is added to a position between Node B(1)and old Node B(2) as in FIGS. 3A and 3B, old Node B(2) is changed to newNode B(3). If a transition is made from new Node B(2) to Node C(1) basedon an operation “move to next node,” and a transition is made from newNode B(2) to Node C(2) based on an operation “move 10 nodes ahead,”after the addition, for example, two relations of relative positions arespecified, i.e. B(2)<C(1) and B(2)<C(2).

Only with such information, it is impossible to tell whether Node B(2)is an old Node B(2) or a new Node B(2) which is newly added. For thisreason, a difference in given text data among the nodes, if any, is usedto find out about Node B(2). First, text data T1 is given to old NodeB(2), that is, new Node B(3). If Node B(2) is old Node B(2), therelations of relative positions to be specified are (B(2), T1)<C(1) and(B(2), T1)<C(2) since the text data T1 is given to old Node B(2). Ifnode B(2) is new Node B(2), the relations of relative positions to bespecified are B(2)<C(1) and B(2)<C(2) since different text data aregiven to new Node B(2). Since the text data given to old Node B(2) inactual are the text data T1, it is possible to find out whether NodeB(2) is old Node B(2) or new Node B(2) by excluding the node not giventhe text data T1. In other words, by comparing the relation of relativepositions in both of the cases, Node B(2) is identified as old NodeB(2). In this way, the relation of absolute positions of the nodes canbe discretely estimated, and the total order relation of the nodes canbe determined if sufficient information pieces are collected for the loginformation.

As described above, it is possible to judge whether or not the nodeshaving different node IDs are identical to each other, by decidingwhether or not the text data of the nodes are consistent with eachother. Alternatively, nodes having the same node ID or nodes havingdifferent node IDs but having the same text data can be extracted asidentical nodes before identification of the relation of relativepositions, where the extraction uses a combination of a node ID and textdata as a unit of key information. In this way, it is possible to checkin advance whether or not there are identical nodes, and to therebyprevent a situation of misidentifying nodes as different nodes eventhough the nodes simply have different node IDs due to addition ordeletion of a node. Naturally, a designation receiving unit 204 can beprovided to receive designation of identical nodes in advance, instead.

A display unit 205 graphically displays the total order relation of thenodes determined by the total-order-relation determining unit 203. FIG.5 shows an example of graphically displaying the total order relationdetermined by the information processor 1 according to the embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 5 graphically shows user operation behavior, where the verticalaxis indicates elapsed time while the horizontal axis indicates the nodeposition corresponding to the position of the cursor operated by theuser in the web page. In the example in FIG. 5, the position starts fromthe upper left as the origin, gradually moves to a node on the rightside of the screen (which is considered as a forward direction),undergoes a transition around the center of the screen, and then jumpsin a reverse direction at one stroke. Thereafter, the position undergoesa transition around the left end of the screen, jumps in the forwarddirection at one stroke, starts a transition in the reverse direction byjudging that a desired position has been passed through, and then startsa transition in the forward direction by judging that the previoustransition has reached too far. As described above, if the relations ofabsolute positions of the nodes are estimated discretely and loginformation pieces are collected sufficiently, the total order relationof the nodes can be determined, and thereby the behavior of the actualuser operations can be displayed correctly.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a procedure of processing performed by theCPU 11 of the information processor 1 according to the embodiment of thepresent invention. Described in the example in FIG. 6 is a case in whichthe structured document has a tree structure and path information in thetree structure is given to each node as a node ID.

In FIG. 6, the CPU 11 of the information processor 1 acquires loginformation (Step S601). Each piece of the acquired log informationincludes at least a node ID, which is identification information foridentifying the node, the type of operation performed for the node, arelative time period at which the operation was performed, and the textdata of the node, for example.

FIG. 7 shows an example of the path information of the nodes when thestructured document has a tree structure. In the example in FIG. 7, aroot node “body” branches to two lower level nodes “div(1)” and“div(2),” and the node “div(2)” branches to two further-lower levelnodes “a(1)” and “a(2).” Text data “text” are given to the node “a(2).”

In this case, the path information for the node “a(2)” can be expressedas in Expression 2 by using a so-called XPath expression.XPath=/body/div(2)/a(2)<text>  Expression 2

In the conventional technique, when the part of the right-hand side ofExpression 2 excluding the text data is used as a node ID, each node canbe identified in the tree structure by following the path, as long as nonode is added or deleted and the tree structure does not change.However, if a node is added or deleted and if the tree structurechanges, it becomes impossible to follow the path.

In this problem, a node ID also includes text data in this embodiment.This makes it possible to check whether or not the text data of nodesare consistent with each other even when a node is added or deleted andthe tree structure changes, and thereby to easily judge whether or notnodes are identical to each other even when the path information changesdue to the addition or deletion of the node.

Returning to FIG. 6, the CPU 11 of the information processor 1 selectsone log information piece from the acquired log information (Step S602)and generates a partial order constraint for the node included in thelog information piece and the previous node before the movement, basedon the type of operation performed for the node included in the loginformation piece (Step S603). The partial order constraint is definedas a relation of relative positions of the nodes which is specifiedbased on the type of operation performed for the node.

For example, as to Node n1 and Node n2, if a move from Node n1 to Noden2 in the forward direction is made, a relation of relative positions,n1<n2, is specified. Similarly, if a move from Node n2 to Node n1 in theforward direction is made, a relation of relative positions, n1>n2, isspecified. By performing topological sorting using the specifiedrelation of relative positions as a constraint condition, a total orderrelation of the nodes can be determined.

The CPU 11 selects the next log information piece (Step S604), and thengenerates partial order constraints for the node included in the loginformation piece and the previous node before the movement, based onthe type of operation performed for the node included in the loginformation piece (Step S605). The CPU 11 judges whether or not all thelog information pieces have been selected (Step S606). When judging thatnot all the log information pieces have been selected (Step S606: NO),the CPU 11 returns the processing to Step S604 and repeats theabove-described processing.

When judging that all the log information pieces have been selected(Step S606: YES), the CPU 11 performs topological sorting to determine atotal order relation satisfying all the generated partial orderconstraints (Step S607).

The CPU 11 judges whether or not a total order relation is determined byperforming the topological sorting (Step S608). When judging that atotal order relation is not determined (Step S608: NO), the CPU 11deletes some of the partial order constraints (Step S609), and thenperforms topological sorting again (Step S610). In this topologicalsorting, the text data of the node is included in each node ID,different from conventional topological sorting. This makes it possibleto check whether or not the text data of nodes are consistent with eachother even when the tree structure is changed, and thereby to easilyjudge whether or not nodes are identical to each other even when thepath information is changed due to addition or deletion of the node.Specifically, for the identical nodes, topological sorting is performedagain by applying one of the node IDs to the nodes.

The CPU 11 judges whether or not a total order relation is determined byperforming the topological sorting again (Step S611). When judging thata total order relation is not determined (Step S611: NO), the CPU 11returns the processing to Step S609 and repeats the above-describedprocessing.

When judging that a total order relation is determined (Step S608: YES,Step S611: YES), the CPU 11 terminates the processing, and displays, onthe display 23, relations of the absolute positions according to thenode transitions in chronological order. Specifically, the relations aredisplayed as a view showing the user operation behavior as shown in FIG.5 as an example.

Some partial order constraints can cause a loop state in the orderrelation of the nodes. Many of the cases in which it is judged that atotal order relation is not determined in Step S611 are applicable tothis situation. This is because erroneous partial order constraints aregenerated due to a change in the path information or the text data of anode.

FIGS. 8A and 8B show a case in which only text data of a node is changedand no loop state occurs. In FIGS. 8A and 8B, each order relation isshown by an arrow. As shown in FIG. 8A, the correct order of nodes isn1<n2<n3 in an initial state. Path information pieces of Nodes n1, n2and n3 are denoted by p1, p2 and p3, respectively, and text data of thenodes are denoted by text1, text2 and text3, respectively.

When a move is made from Node n1 to Node n2 and then to Node n3sequentially, the text data of Node n2 is changed to text2′. If a moveis thereafter made from Node n3 to node n2 and to then Node n1sequentially, partial order constraints to be generated are as shown inExpression 3. In Expression 3, each node is represented by a combinationof (path information, text data), and (p2, text2) and (p2, text2′) aretreated as different nodes.(p1,text1)<(p2,text2)(p2,text2)<(p3,text3)(p2,text2′)<(p3,text3)(p1,text1)<(p2,text2′)  Expression 3

By solving the partial order constraints shown in Expression 3, theorder relations as shown in FIG. 8B are generated. In other words, theorder relations can be expressed as shown in Expression 4. In Expression4, the symbol “:” is defined as the order of two adjacent nodes is notdecided.(p1,text1)<(p2,text2):(p2,text2′)<(p3,text3)  Expression 4

When only the text data of a node is changed, Node (p2, text2) and Node(p2, text2′), for example, are originally the same node. Accordingly, noproblem occurs even though the order relation is not decided for thenodes.

FIGS. 9A to 9C show an example of a case in which only path informationof a node is changed and no loop state occurs. Also in FIGS. 9A to 9C,each order relation is shown by an arrow. As shown in FIG. 9A, thecorrect order of nodes is n1<n2<n3 in an initial state. Path informationpieces of Nodes n1, n2 and n3 are denoted by p1, p2 and p3,respectively, and text data of the nodes are denoted by text1, text2 andtext3, respectively.

Assume that when a move is made from Node n1 to Node n2 and to then Noden3 sequentially, Node n4 having text data text4 is added to a positionbetween Node n1 and Node n2, and thereby the path information piece ofNode n4 is denoted by p2 while the path information pieces of Node n2and Node n3 are changed respectively to p3 and p3′, as shown in FIG. 9B.If a move is thereafter made from Node n3 to Node n2, to Node n4 and tothen Node n1 sequentially, partial order constraints to be generated areas shown in Expression 5. Also in Expression 5, each node is representedby a combination of (path information, text data), and (p3, text2) and(p3, text3) are treated as different nodes.(p1,text1)<(p2,text2)(p2,text2)<(p3,text3)(p3,text2)<(p3′,text3)(p2,text4)<(p3,text2)(p1,text1)<(p2,text4)  Expression 5

By solving the partial order constraints shown in Expression 5, theorder relations shown in FIG. 9C are generated. In FIG. 9C, since Nodesn2 and n2′ are originally the same node, no problem occurs even thoughthe order relation is not decided for the nodes.

FIGS. 10A to 100 show an example of a case in which a loop state occurs.As shown in FIG. 10A, the correct order of nodes is n1<n2<n3<n4 in aninitial state. Path information pieces of Nodes n1, n2, n3 and n4 aredenoted by p1, p2, p3 and p4, respectively, and text data of the nodesare denoted by text1, text2, text1 and text4, respectively. This meansthat text data of Node n1 and Node n3 are the same.

Assume that, when a move is made from Node n1 to Node n2, to Node N3 andto then Node n4 sequentially, Node n1 is deleted and the pathinformation piece of Node n3 is changed to p1, as shown in FIG. 10B. Ifa move is thereafter made from Node n4 to Node n3 and to then Node n2sequentially, partial order constraints to be generated are as shown inExpression 6. Also in Expression 6, each node is represented by acombination of (path information, text data).(p1,text1)<(p2,text2)(p2,text2)<(p3,text1)(p3,text1)<(p4,text4)(p4,text4)<(p1,text1)(p2,text2)<(p1,text1)  Expression 6

In the set of partial order constraints shown in Expression 6, a loopstate is occurring between Node (p1, text1) and Node (p2, text2) asshown in FIG. 10C. In this case, a partial order constraint to bedeleted is selected from the partial order constraints forming the loop,in the following procedure.

The partial order constraint which is added the last of all in terms oftime is deleted first. In FIG. 10C, by deleting the partial order (p2,text2)<(p1, text1) shown by an arrow 101, the loop state is cancelled.

Alternatively, the partial order constraint which is added the first ofall in terms of time can be deleted. In FIG. 10C, the loop state iscancelled also by deleting the partial order constraint (p1, text1)<(p2,text2) shown by an arrow 102.

Naturally, the partial order constraint which has been included for thelongest time period since a predetermined time point can be deleted,instead. In this way, if no loop state has occurred at the predeterminedtime point, the set of partial order constraints can be made close tothose of the predetermined time point.

In any case, a partial order constraint is sequentially deleted in theabove-described procedure until the loop state is cancelled, and a totalorder relation can be determined when the loop state is cancelled.

According to the above-described embodiment, a total order relation ofnodes in a structured document can be determined based on loginformation on user operations. Even when the structure of thestructured document is changed dynamically, it is possible to discretelyestimate a relation of absolute positions of the nodes by checkingwhether or not text data for contents of the nodes are consistent witheach other, and to thereby display user operation behavior.

It should be again noted that the present invention is not limited tothe above-described embodiment, and various alternations, improvementsand the like are possible within the scope of the spirit of the presentinvention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of determining a total order relation ofnodes in a structured document, the method comprising the steps of:acquiring log information created by storing information on transitionsbetween nodes in the structured document in chronological order, whereinthe acquired log information includes a plurality of entries that eachcomprise a type of an operation performed by a user, a relative time atwhich the operation was performed, a node identification of a nodereached by the operation, and a text data of the node reached by theoperation; specifying a relation of relative positions of said nodes insaid transitions based on acquired log information; and determining thetotal order relation of said nodes in said structured document byperforming a topological sorting that uses the relation as a constraint,wherein said total order relation of said nodes is further determined byusing the text data of each of said nodes to check whether or not anyidentical nodes are included by using a combination of said nodeidentification and said text data of said node as a unit of keyinformation, and wherein at least one of the steps is carried out usinga computer device.
 2. The method according to claim 1, furthercomprising the step of: displaying determined total order relation ofsaid nodes.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein: said loginformation comprises at least one information on amount of movementbetween said nodes; and said relation of relative positions is specifiedbased on said amount of movement between said nodes.
 4. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein: said structured document comprises a treestructure.
 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein amount ofmovement between said nodes is specified based on said type of operationperformed for a corresponding node in said log information.
 6. Themethod according to claim 4, further comprising the step of: receivingdesignation of said identical nodes.
 7. A system for determining a totalorder relation of nodes in a structured document, the system comprisinga processor embodied in hardware, the processor configured to perform amethod comprising: acquiring log information created by storinginformation on transitions between nodes in the structured document inchronological order, wherein the acquired log information includes aplurality of entries that each comprise a type of an operation performedby a user, a relative time at which the operation was performed, a nodeidentification of a node reached by the operation, and a text data ofthe node reached by the operation; specifying a relation of relativepositions of said nodes in said transitions based on acquired loginformation; and determining the total order relation of said nodes insaid structured document by performing a topological sorting that usesthe relation as a constraint, wherein said total order relation of saidnodes is further determined by using the text data of each of said nodesto check whether or not any identical nodes are included by using acombination of said node identification and said text data of said nodeas a unit of key information.
 8. The system according to claim 7,wherein the method further comprises displaying determined total orderrelation of said nodes.
 9. The system according to claim 7, wherein:said log information comprises at least one information on amount ofmovement between said nodes; and said relation of relative positions isspecified based on said amount of movement between said nodes.
 10. Thesystem according to claim 7, wherein: said structured document comprisesa tree structure.
 11. The system according to claim 10, wherein amountof movement between said nodes is specified based on said type ofoperation performed for a corresponding node in said log information.12. The system according to claim 10, wherein the method furthercomprises receiving designation of said identical nodes.
 13. Anon-transitory computer readable storage medium tangibly embodying acomputer readable program code having non-transitory computer readableinstructions which when implemented, cause a computer to carry out thesteps of a method comprising: acquiring log information created bystoring information on transitions between nodes in the structureddocument in chronological order, wherein the acquired log informationincludes a plurality of entries that each comprise a type of anoperation performed by a user, a relative time at which the operationwas performed, a node identification of a node reached by the operation,and a text data of the node reached by the operation; specifying arelation of relative positions of said nodes in said transitions basedon acquired log information; and determining the total order relation ofsaid nodes in said structured document by performing a topologicalsorting that uses specified relation as a constraint, wherein said totalorder relation of said nodes is further determined by using text data ofeach of said nodes to check whether or not any identical nodes areincluded by using a combination of said node identification and saidtext data of said node as a unit of key information.
 14. Thenon-transitory computer readable storage medium according to claim 13,further comprising the step of: displaying determined total orderrelation of said nodes.
 15. The non-transitory computer readable storagemedium according to claim 13, wherein: said log information comprises atleast one information on amount of movement between said nodes; and saidrelation of relative positions is specified based on said amount ofmovement between said nodes.
 16. The non-transitory computer readablestorage medium according to claim 13, wherein: said structured documentcomprises a tree structure.
 17. The non-transitory computer readablestorage medium according to claim 16, wherein amount of movement betweensaid nodes is specified based on said type of operation performed for acorresponding node in said log information.
 18. The non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium according to claim 16, furthercomprising the step of: receiving designation of said identical nodes.